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Plays a "solved" problem ... ;) Installation - service providers

Task A:

installation service provider

A provider offers the following technologies in order to realize network connections (including the PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network) connections are now "almost" standardized realized as a dedicated line.

A leased line is a permanent (permanent standing) connection between two communication partners about a telecommunications network.

dedicated line connection from order to unsubscribe.

You get a static IP assigned.

No dial-up.

"Einwählverdindung" connection is made via a dial-up.

; there as long as desired by the user. be

dial-up connections, even today, often realized via analog modem connections. The provider dial-up node directly connects to the Internet.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

· A provider offers ISDN, with either 64, 128 Kbit / s (time slot) range or even faster with a primary rate interface. With a dedicated line is it is not possible, another Participants to choose. This variant is usually used for low-bandwidth wide area network. If two phones in more than 20-30% of the time connected, a leased line is usually cheaper than a dial-up connection.

- With the help of various digital devices set up connections over the NT (Network Termination for ISDN Basic Rate Access).

-

A provider may provide the network type, the frame relay to: is

Frame Relay a data transmission technology, which is originally a development of X.25 (X.25 a protocol family for large-scale computer networks ( WANs) represented over the telephone network ) . Many network operators now offer frame relay connections as a cheaper alternative to a dedicated line .

The telco provider grout on a huge network of serial switches.

This is a group of routers with many serial ports.

There it is switched to the serial ports.

Frame Relay is very fast, several " virtual leased lines " are brought together in a Frame Relay.

In frame relay, the rates between 56 kbit / s and 45 Mbit / s vary. It is a virtual connection that can be moved at any time, for example. A plurality of frame relay connections from the ISP connected virtually, so you can access from any location directly to each other (provided of course that is desired).

provider of Frame Relay to offer more bandwidth than they actually have, since not every link is fully utilized throughout. This can also lead to the fact that you do not always have the maximum transfer speed available.

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

For ADSL is a transmission method for broadband Internet Connection via a normal telephone line.

The central problem is the limited reach of ADSL. Over time, the ADSL technology extended and improved so that the range or the transmission rate could be increased several times. Nevertheless, a complete coverage in Germany until now virtually impossible.

In an ADSL connection is, in principle, two modems on a conventional telephone line.
Where the modem is the end user and the other at the network operator in the exchange.
The ADSL modem is connected via a network card or USB interface to a computer or a network. This creates a solid connection. Selecting, as in a Phone connection is not necessary. Instead, the computer to the Internet as a "leased line" is firmly connected. Wherein the service line is referred to as a DSL connection.

The basic principle of ADSL is based on an asymmetric transmission method or providing an asymmetrical bandwidth. This means that the transmission path from the provider to the customer, and the transmission path between customer and provider have different band widths.

The ratio of the bandwidth of downlink and uplink, the requirement of a typical Internet user modeled. It loads typically more data from the Internet down, as it transfers to the Internet. Hence, the bandwidth of the downlink is greater than the uplink.

(Symmetric DSL) SDSL

S-DSL / There is a dedicated line

- connection is once established, fixed IP

- Uplink and downlink are the same

- When customers an S-DSL-enabled router is installed.

speeds (Up / Down) multiples of 64Kbit / s to 2.304 kbit / s.

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network communication, fundamentals THE THIRD!

15th September 2010, basic communications - Thies

Ethernet (OSI Layer 2)

• request to OSI Layer 2:

- access method to the medium (CSMA / CD)
- error detection (error detection) via buzzer in the frame-Trailer ( FCS)
- Identification of upper layer protocols "
a) by the Type field in the header (DIX or Ethernet II) or
b) by the LLC field (IEEE 802.2)
- optional for Ethernet: Physical Addressing using MAC addresses in the header (destination (target), source (source))

Ethernet

first Development of Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX hence-Net) => Ethernet II
second DIX on request from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) whether an international standard can be made of it.
third IEEE formed two working groups:
- IEEE 802.3 (Working Group on access to the media ")
- IEEE 802.2 (Working Group on Identification Upper Layer)
4th IEEE establishes the international standards
- IEEE 802.3 (see the "MAC = Media Access Control Protocol)
- IEEE 802.2 (see the" Protocol LLC = logiKal Link Control)
5th Since the support of almost any network controller, two standards for Ethernet. Namely, Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 (with the protocol IEEE 802.2 LLC =)

DIX-Net was proprietary, so the Ethernet standard was "invented" (IEEE802.2; IEE802.3).
Proprietary (property) = not open source


The frame in Ethernet II


- The preamble identifies the beginning and the end of the frame for OSI layer 1, the bit stream
- The destination MAC may be a broadcast address: FF-FF
-FF-FF-FF-FF (all bits set to 1)
- or a Multicast address;
01-00-5E-00-00-00
to:
01-00-5E-7F-FF-FF
or course to a unicast address (addressed exactly a network participants)
- The source MAC is not a broadcast address!
- The Type field indicates the "upper-layer protocol" in this case IP (0x0800)
- the data field (data) contains the complete OSI-3 packet, called a datagram.
- FCS = Frame check sequence - This is a CRC checksum, then a hash value ( A hash function or Scatter value function is a function or mapping that to a command from a usually large source volume, the issue, hash code (or hash ) produced, usually from a smaller target set.) for the Frame calculated. Herewith the integrity of the frame is guaranteed. Transmission errors are avoided.


The frame in Ethernet 802.3


is referred to by the two sublayer at OSI 2:

- Top sublayer: 802.2 LLC (Logical Link Control)
Also referred to as OSI layer 2b. LLC (Logical Link Control) is responsible for the Steurung communication on OSI layer 2. Among others, LLC recognizes the OSI-3 protocols from the transmitter / receiver (upper layer protocol), manages the data connection and controls the flow control. For LLC, there are different types and services.

bottom sublayer: 802.3 MAC (Media Access Control)
Also referred to as OSI layer 2, media access control by using CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection)

- The Präamber marks the beginning and the end of the frame for the OSI layer 1, the bit stream.
-The destination MAC may be a broadcast address: FF-FF
-FF-FF-FF-FF (all bits set to 1)
or a multicast address:
01-00 -5E-00-00-00
to
01-00-5E-7F-FF-FF
course or a unicast address (addressed to exactly one network node).
-The source MAC is not a broadcast address.
-The Length field is the length of the frame (data and FCS)
-The data field (data) contains the complete OSI-3 package, called a datagram.
-FCS = Frame check sequence - here is a CRC checksum, a hash value that is calculated for the frame. This ensures the integrity of the frames.

Important Ethernet specifications

! Exam! The best way to learn by heart.

Name:	IEEE standard:	data rate:	Cable:
Ethernet	IEEE 802.3	10 BWhen / s	coax and TP
Fast Ethernet (FE)	IEEE 802.3u	100 BWhen / s	TP and fiber
Gigabit Ethernet (GE)	IEEE 802.3ab / z	1000 BWhen / s	TP and fiber
10G Ethernet	IEEE 802.3ae	10 000 BWhen / s	fiber

that regard or the exact specifications that I transfer today but not directly. 've Even as Domunetation ... and, as already described, it is best to be the stuff to memorize.

MAC addresses

? - The MAC address is the hardware address of each network adapter that is used for unique Identifizirung each device on the network, the OSI layer 2 is called. ? ?
~ ~ Deutschh

- The MAC address is a 48-bit hexadecimal (base is 16)
The individual values are represented in hexadecimal as follows:

Windows: 05-00-0c-23-1a-ff
Linux / Unix: 05:00:0 c: 23:1 a: ff
Cisco: 0500.0c23c.1aff

- The first 24 bits (first half) form the "Organisational Unique Identifier, the manufacturer code. Cisco is often referred to as the OUI.

- The second half (last 24 bits), the manufacturer has the network card. This guarantees that the MAC addresses are unique worldwide.

- MAC addresses can be changed.

- In a LAN will use the MAC address to be addressing. Why should a MAC address will never be used twice.

- Even with the MAC addresses, there are different groups:
Broadcast: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF (all bits set to 1) to all on the LAN.
Multicast 01-00-5E-00-00-00 to 01-00-5E-7F-FF-FF, a special group.
unicast: An exact (known) address.

-? Swichtes choose a forward path based on the MAC addresses that are assigned to the port through which the desired goal is reached.? Swichtes the logical way to choose a known MAC address ... - One probably. better?

MAC ("Clear" address) = Media Access Control

'Burned-in address' Read

first 6 digits = "producer"

arp-a arp-cache =
getmac ='s own mac address

unicast MAC address

- a world first assigned MAC address of a network interface

multicast MAC address (Flood)

- A specific group of participants (depending on service)
- Routing Protocols Using Multicast addresses

broadcast MAC address (Flood)

- address = "public address to ALL!

Unknown Unicast = Not known "network operator". (Flood)

network interface responds to unicast and broadcast addresses. It should of / on the software level to another mac address to the interface responds autherisierung on multicast addresses.

times in passing: "Embedded Small ="

And only a very short and sweet (I'm tired ...)

Switching Basics

- you work on OSI Layer 2
- share network segments into collision domains. (Simultaneous communication over multiple radially arranged buses)
- Bridges work at the MAC level or Logical Link level.

operation of bridges and switches:

A) learn
you are learning to which port the device. Save the MAC address (source MAC) in an internal table.
B) forwarding / filtering
Bridges and switches forward traffic to the more intelligent information in your table.
c) avoid Layer 2 loops in which they use the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).

VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network

The documentation I transfer one probably even tomorrow. For now this must suffice, designed by myself on VLAN ... MÜÜDDDEEE!

It combines in a different VLAN ports of different switches to an additional virtual switch (a new logical local LAN).


My goodness ... quite a pile of wood!

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basics communication networks, the Second!

So "Hello" out there ...
my daily reflection:
I try a little adult to act as the first post! :)
Anyway today we went to, among other things: The repetition of yesterday ... :) We then cut again the following topics:
Peer-to-peer model and client-server model is queried in the test!!

peer-to-peer network - all members are equal, and offer something (can) take some.

client-server model - A server provides the Client a service provided, eg DHCP, DNS, Terminal Server (Remote Desktop, RDP), Web server, mail server, Telnet server, SSH server, database server
! Should network devices and network components may be differences in the test! !

devices
PC (Unix, Linux, Windows, MacOSX, server, IP phones,
network printers, network storage, ...
place ... the users applications.

network devices
Hub , Switch, Bridge, Access Point,
routers, firewalls, modems, ...
are ... for the transfer of messages between the

Devices responsible.

Media
copper or fiber optic cables, serial
cable, wireless transmission (WLAN ),...
physically connect the devices ...
for data transmission from one device to another
.


Rules Rules, Agreements, standards, protocols
. eg ISO / OSI, Ethernet,
HTTP, HTML, etc. ..
.. comply with rules
agreements or standards for the exchange of messages. For example, the agreement on the "same language" in the network in spite of different operating systems.

Messages
www, mail, pictures, music, video, voice
...
... Are various data, information, files, signals that are transmitted on the network.

There was also a perceived decade switches to ... ;-)
A switch (English switch, and switch) is a coupling element that connects network segments. The term refers generally to a further development of a network bridge - the processes and transmits data on the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model - an active network device. Switches to process additional data on the network layer (Layer 3 and higher) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or Multilayer switches. The first Ethernet switch was Kalpana introduced in 1990. In addition to Ethernet switches is also available Fibre Channel (FC) switches, a non-FC routing capability standard protocol defined in the field of storage networks, designed as the successor to SCSI for high-speed transmission of large amounts of data. The appropriate device at Layer 1 level is called the Hub. Switches work with MAC addresses.
additional switches:
ARP query = MAC-address query (if only IP address is known - for shipping switch / router, gateway)

by encapsulation protocols is possible.
^---------- If this movement is a read-learning IT, PLS COMMENT - THE VOTE ? !

network types, spatial / geographical distinction
(Exam !!!):
PAN [personal area network]:
PAN is a special peer-to-peer connection between two devices. eg mobile phone and PC (Bluetooth)
LAN [Local Area Network]:
Local network. Basically as a neighborhood.
MAN [Metropolitan Area Network]:
two or more connected sites. eg within a city.
WAN [Wide Area Network]:
Two connecting cities.
GAN [Global Area Network]:
Worldwide network. as the Internet.

topologies
----------
The topology point-to-point (point to point):
The point-to-point topology is a connection from one terminal to another . This
usually are dial-up connections in the WAN, for example in a corporate network or the Internet.
point-to-point connections are usually implemented in Germany using an analog modem or ISDN card.

ring topology (Token Ring)
The ring topology is an outdated bus topology, which is physically or logically arranged annularly
. As an example, consider networking technology Token Ring "here is a token (like a talking stick) in the district passed.
The computer, the first reached a "free" labeled token is allowed, a data packet to be hanging
the token and the token as "occupied" mark. This "busy" token is circulated from one computer to another passed until it reached the receiver.
The receiver "takes" the data packet intended for him, marks the token as a free
and passes it in a circle. Thus, to avoid collisions between data packets.

bus topology
The bus topology may be physically or be arranged logically.
- A physical bus, eg for 10Base2 and 10Base5 Ethernet to be found. This coaxial cable, T-pieces for random access and resistance were used with 50 Ohm.
- A logical bus is used in hubs. Here, the cables are connected star-shaped
, logically the net but still works like a bus.
- Mapping of physical bus with 10 Mbit / s over coaxial cables with Endwiederstanden

star topology
case of networks in star topology, all the participants to a central unit connected
the "Data Junction" for all participating units represents. The systematic presentation in a network plan would form a star show.
- We distinguish between the physical star topology and logical
star topology.
- At a stroke we have a physical star and logical bus. Therefore
can always happen, only one data packet at a time the hub.
- In a switch, we have a physical and a logical star, there are also possible via a switch
multiple connections.
When multiple computers are connected to a Übertragunssystem, so this is called a BUS (Latin: Bus = all together)!

topologies can be queried!

Hubs
# # # #
The Hub (hub in, hub '[technically], node') refers to telecommunication devices that connect network nodes (physical) star-shaped. Normally, the term hub for multi-port repeater is needed. They are used to network nodes or other hubs, such as through an Ethernet, to connect with each other. We speak with hubs from a collision domain.

CSMA / CD
end Ethernet data transmission using CSMA / CD:
first Before a station transmits data, it hears from the line, whether it is free.
second With free line is sent, otherwise we waited.
3. Send by chance two stations at the same time a collision occurs, the frames are to
subkey collision fragments (\u0026lt;64 bytes).
4th While the show is still off line hort.
The reception of collision fragments, a collision took place is discovered.
5th Thereafter, a jam signal (32-bit sequence of 010,101th.) Sent, whereupon all
stations broadcasting also want to wait a random period of time before they try a
new connection.
6th All stations in the network tests the process received data packets and only the
packages, for they are intended. Packets for other stations are not passed to the upper layers and discarded.

data transmission devices (Will be confirmed)
---------------------------
(send and receive)
Simplex Only one direction.
half duplex: alternately in both directions, however.
full duplex: In full duplex will each send a pair to use and one for reception. (CSMA / CD is no longer needed and shut down).

This was listed in today's rough main themes, especially for me again! ;-) Well then
ma mere net eggs start to rock! :)

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For the hot weather, the perfect dish: Gazpacho!


Gazpacho (1 of 1)
Originally uploaded by minimal nobody

a gazpacho I made for this recipe:

http://www.chefkoch.de/rezepte/347591119451470/Gazpacho . html

I have, as some of the commentators on chefkoch.de, instead of white bread made wholemeal toast and cut off the edges. As in the restaurant, I try in the kitchen to throw away as little as possible, so I then rolled the edges and made croutons (with butter in the pan until golden yellow and a little salt).
a splash of extra virgin olive oil (recommended: http://www.gourmantis.de/product_info.php?products_id=481&cPath=68 ) on it - that is the ultimate summer dish.

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fennel salad in pictures


fennel salad (2 of 2) Originally uploaded by
minimal nobody

here again filed later a photo for the recipe from last ...

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my fennel salad

First, a matter of quantities: Is there net because net is. Nee times in earnest. Taste the stuff, then you do not need quantity. Try it and feeling develop.


your needs:

• fennel bulbs
• lemon
• white balsamic
• salt
• best olive oil
• pink berries

fennel clean, Strunk turn can and slice it finely (1-2mm, so expect your plane, I got to here: click ). A few pinches of salt, turn, and pull volumes by about 10 minutes. In the Zwichenzeit

stirred her to a simple dressing of lemon juice, white vinegar, olive oil and mustard (acts as an emulsifier). For dressing is generally the rule, oil: vinegar 2-1. The

give her about the fennel (after the aforementioned 10 minutes) and added at the end still a few pink peppercorns and chopped fennel greens added. Serve with supplies required. Preparation time: 15 minutes.

quickly

healthy

delicious